The Theory Of Scientific Management Essay - 1375 Words

According to Miller (2010) Scientific management (Taylorism) was devised by Frederick Taylor to improve economic efficiency especially labor productivity by analyzing and establishing workflows. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Taylor’s scientific management was based on four principles. The first is replacing the â€Å"rule of thumb† work methods with methods based on a scientific study. The second is selecting, training and developing the most suitable person for the job. The third principle is managers should give out detailed instructions on how to do the job scientifically and supervise workers. The last principle is dividing the tasks between managers and workers. This paper will discuss if these scientific management principles are outdated in the study of organizations. I will present the principles and explain their relevance in current organizations. The â€Å"rule of thumb† is a procedure that developed from experience and common sense. It totally ignores scientific knowledge. Taylor argued that for an organization to become more efficient managers had to develop a â€Å"science of work† that is cultivating methods based on a scientific study of those tasks. Morgan (2006) asserts that this was done to determine the most efficient way of doing work. The scientific method would therefore simplify worker’s tasks in detail and specify the amount of work needed to do the task and the necessary time to finish thatShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Management And The Scientific Management Theory Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of management date back to the beginning of times. Every aspect of life contains some form of management. From managing oneself, to managing employees, to managing an entire corporation, management is a key part of life. Over time different theories have been developed and have evolved. Some of the first theories ever explored include the administrative management theory and the scientific management theory. While both of these theories were studied in depth, I believe that one of the greatestRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to research, analyse and assess the theory of scientific management, which was revolutionised by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1887 (A.Huczynski, 2010) and to critically evaluate the benefits and pitfalls of his theory. This theory Taylor developed is known as Taylorism and has been used commonly in various structures of organisation. Comparisons shall be drawn to other theories and advancements of this theory, such as Fordism and Toyotism, which was extremely popular in JapanRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagespioneers of management gave the theory of Scientific management or what is now referred to as Taylorism. Scientific management or T aylorism refers to â€Å"a form of job design which stresses short, repetitive work cycles; detailed, prescribed task sequences; a separation of task conception from task execution; and motivation based on economic rewards.† (Huczynski Buchanan, 2013). The applicability of Scientific management to this day is a controversial topic as there is still debate whether scientific managementRead MoreThe Theories Of The Scientific Management Theory1047 Words   |  5 PagesManagement, as defined by Richard Wilson, is the body of thought that seeks to explain and improve the administrative control of businesses and their employees (2016). In this paper we will discuss some of the more popular management theories including the Scientific Management Theory by Frederick W. Taylor, Administrative Management Theory by Henri Fayol, Bureaucratic Management Theory by Max Weber, The Hawthorne Studies Human Relations Management Theory by Elton Mayo, the Management Science TheoryRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management956 Words   |  4 Pages3. Scientific Management It is necessary to understand where the organization of work is headed. Through specialization, subordinate can upgrade their abilities or professions and there was a concerted effort to identify key aspects of work and organization which could be used to achieve efficiency through immutable principles. Taylor thinks management should merge with science to enhance the effectiveness. 3.1 Taylorism by Fred W. Taylor (1856-1915) Taylor’s scientific management theory suggestsRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management Theory1158 Words   |  5 PagesScientific management theory is a theory whereby management analyses and synthesizes workflows. The assumptions of Taylorism are that workers are unintelligent and uneducated (Chen H Chung, 2013) and that they must be trained and given instructions to carry out their duties. Secondly, workers are assumed to be inherently lazy with lack of precision in judgement, hence performance is best measured and monitored by experts. And lastly, workers are only motivated by monetary value. (Bell, R.LRead MoreThe Theory Of The Scientific Management1283 Words   |  6 PagesThis report aimed to find the concept of the Taylorism is still effective in these days. It would seem that, Taylorism is â€Å"out-dated† theory of the Scientific Management however this theory is foundation of the organization management. Theory is all about how to be increase effectiveness of work place and how to encourage worker’s productivity. This report is also studies experiments of the Asch and Milgram. These experiments provide us how powerful is social pressure for decision making processRead MoreScientific Management Theory1868 Words   |  8 Pages1. Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory The scientific management approach was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor at the end of the 19th century to improve labor productivity by analyzing and establishing work flow processes. Scientific management theory is the scientific method to define the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done. It is the systematic study of the relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process for higher efficiency. FrederickRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management Theory Essay1985 Words   |  8 PagesClassical management theory came into recognition in the early 1900s during the industrial revolution when there were issues relating to factory systems. Problems arose, as managers were uncertain in dealing with increased labour dissatisfaction and were unsure of an appropriate method in training employees (Cliffnotes.com,n.d.). This resulted in managers developing and testing possible solutions, one of which was to focus on the efficiency of the work process, which is now known as the classicalRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management2600 Words   |  11 PagesThe concept of scientific management was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor .This concept is one of the principles of management and is also known as classical theory .When F.W Taylor worked for Midvale steel company and Bethlehem company ,he observed that there were much disorder and wastage of human as well as other resour ces at work place . The managers and staffs had no concept about systematic and efficient performance of task. And all were following traditional ways of doing work.So

Cloud Literature Review - 2513 Words

1) Project Aim – The aim of this project is to analyze emerging business opportunities of the â€Å"Cloud Computing† business. 2) Purpose- The purpose of the project is to help inform BT’s corporate strategy teams about emerging opportunities for Group Investment. BT would like to understand how different value chains will form around specific socio-economic and technology trends. This will enable BT management to understand in a systematic way which markets and specific propositions BT might be able to enter to grow the business profitably. 3) Objectives- †¢ To make Business and commercial analysis of cloud computing. †¢ To undertake competitors analysis of existing market players. †¢ To explore business case development. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦It’s worse than stupidity: it’s a marketing hype campaign. Somebody is saying this is inevitable — and whenever you hear somebody saying that, it’s very likely to be a set of businesses campaigning to make it true.† Cloud computing can be preciously defined as â€Å"Large pool of easily usable and accessible virtualized recourses such as hardware, platform, which can be dynamically reconfigured to adjust to a variable load allowing also for an optimum resource utilization this pool of resource will typically exploited by pay per user model in which guarantees are offered by the infrastructure provider by means of SLAs (vaquero et al)†. Three aspects are new in Cloud Computing in term of hardware: 1) Infinite computing resources available on demand, which eliminates the need for users to plan far ahead for provisioning. 2) Up-front commitment can be eliminated by Cloud users where companies can start small and increase hardware resources only when there is an increase in their needs. 3) The ability to pay on a short-term basis as needed (e.g. processors by the hour) and releases them afterwards. To play a role of cloud provider companies need to have already developed strengths. States by Berkeley â€Å"Realizing the economies of scale afforded by statistical multiplexing and bulk purchasing which requires companies toShow MoreRelatedCloud Computing Literature Review1653 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract: Resource provisioning is one of the most challenging problem in cloud computing because of the rapid growth in demand of resources and these resources are allocated according to dynamic nature of application. Unconstraint use of these resources can lead to two major problems i.e. under provisioning and over provisioning. So how to implement resource provisioning is a major concern in cloud computing. In this paper, techniques employed in different research papers are systematically analysedRead MoreThe Risks Healthcare Providers Experience And The Impact Cloud Computing1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe study by Glasberg et al (2014) analyzes the risks healthcare providers experience and the impact cloud computing has in using the new technologies. Focusing on overall risk management, the study takes a holistic approach, where the research focuses both on human and organizational aspects. Using interviews as a form of data collection, the authors categorize risks and assesse s impact from 2 perspectives; supply (S) and information systems (IS) as shown in the table 1 below. Table 1 Risk RiskRead MoreThe Cloud Of Cloud Computing1673 Words   |  7 PagesReview of Literature Cloud Computing Definition The topic of the cloud computing industry and security is broad with far reaching intricacies. Therefore, to narrow the subject, the definition of cloud computing as defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (NIST Special Publication 800-145, 2011) will be used as the foundation for this study. The NIST adopted the (Mell Grance, 2010) cloud computing definition in 2011. (Mell Grance, (2010)) defined cloud computingRead MoreJd Ham. Professor Katherine Johnston. Cse/Ise 300. Literature1571 Words   |  7 PagesJD Ham Professor Katherine Johnston CSE/ISE 300 Literature Review April 18, 2017 Cloud Computing The focus of cloud computing is providing with scalable and a cheap on-demand computing infrastructure with a good quality of service levels. The process of the cloud computing involves a set of network enabled services that can be accessed in a simple and general way. Cloud computing provides with a unique value proposition for any organization to outsource their information and communication technologyRead MoreThe Baseline Theory, And Game Theory1102 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved before considering a particular strategy (Blonski Spagnolo, 2015). Cloud computing is part of the technologies seen important in the contemporary business context. This, however, is accompanied by many risks and any organization has to determine such risks, and identify who loses and who gains in the undertaken risk. Envisioned Study3 The envisioned study is based on the same idea. For example, if the cloud computing technology violates the health care restrictions, then the organizationRead MoreCloud Computing And The Cloud Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of cloud computing has received great research attention, due to the revolutionary power of the cloud. Researchers have extensively explores thee protocols and dynamics of the cloud, including the challenges that face it. At the same time, researchers have explored portability and interoperability as challenges that inhibit the use of the cloud, by restricting the users to a single service provider. On that note, the researchers have focused on the benefits that are to be expected in theRead MoreHow Does Cloud Computing Affect Company s Business Activities?868 Words   |  4 Pagesauthors were also able to find the following phases assisted companies in the implementation of the Cloud: analysis of the present situation, defining the new set of rules , adjustments to legal frames and choice of a service provider to whom a certain segment of business will be transferred (Davidovic et al., 2015). In addition, the authors were able to determine the different advantages associated with Cloud Computing. The limitations of the study are only 51% of the respondents did not complete theRead MoreThe Cloud Of Cloud Computing Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 1: Introduction Cloud computing is one of the most popular and emerging technological advancements in the world f mobile computing, which has change the way people compute in great ways. It offers many opportunities and challenges. This chapter introduces the topic and provides a background overview of the research subject. Introductory Overview of the Topic In the last few decades, the increased capability and accessibility of Internet had resulted in many benefits to the world of computingRead MoreEnterprise Cloud Computing : A Web Based Business Data Management Essay788 Words   |  4 PagesIdentification of the Topic Enterprise cloud computing is a web-based business data management service that shares computing resources to store and deliver business applications and data to users anywhere at any time through an internet connection. Enterprise cloud computing systems uses off-site infrastructure, such as computer networks, software programs, data servers, etc. to automatically update and sync data in order to provide users with current, real-time information without needing to purchaseRead MoreWhat Is Cloud Computing Security?868 Words   |  4 PagesIntro: Cloud computing has been around for over two decades, yet keeps evolving and growing in the scope of services available to businesses. With the allure of pay on demand and instantly scalable resources, cloud computing offers more services online than ever before and that kind of demand drives the need for data security. The scope of this memorandum is to develop a research project on the subject of cloud computing security and specifically the innovative ways developers are trying to secure

P.I.E.S Free Essays

string(89) " to be a lot more interested in their environment, their society and different cultures\." This is where a life is forming growing bigger and bigger every day. At 4 weeks, the baby’s spinal cord, the formation of arms and legs are beginning to develop. At this stage, the little life form is now an embryo. We will write a custom essay sample on P.I.E.S or any similar topic only for you Order Now By 8 weeks, all major organs and external limbs would be developing, continuing to grow in size, also the eyes. The baby’s heart begins to beat with a regular rhythm and the determined sex organs begin to develop. This Is when the fetus begins to look more like a human but only reaching roughly an Inch long In size. Also, the umbilical cord has become more visible. By 12 weeks, the baby’s nerves and muscles begin to work with catheter which can be shown but the baby making a fist. Also at 12 weeks, you are able to fled out whether your baby Is a girl or a boy as the external sex organs become visible. The baby’s eyes will have eyelids that have recently developed which will then cover the eyes to protect them from other fluids until later on in the pregnancy when they will be able to control the movement of their eyes. By muscles, tissue and skin starts to form, giving an even more defined human shape. Although the skin is now being developed, at this stage, the skin is quite transparent. Intellectual and Emotional – The intellectual part of pregnancy is very important to the Mother’s mental preparation for birth. This would be anything from buying your baby’s first clothes and necessities to decorating the nursery. Things like this keep the mother’s mind from worrying about things such as whether her baby will have any Issues, or If she would have any Issues Glenn birth. The mother will also need a lot of love and support during pregnancy because her hormonal changes will make her very emotional. Pregnancy can mentally affect the mother especially if she is one to worry, mainly because of the changes that are going on with her body. For the baby, the intellectual stage is when the brain is fully developed and it is said that by his stage, the baby is actually able to dream. Birth and Infancy: P. I. E. S Physical – Between birth and the age of 3, babies begin to develop different strengths and skills. This is from learning basic strengths like rolling, then crawling then standing to walking then running, to learning to talk and sing. Muscle development in a baby starts from the head down. This is why they go from lifting their head the running. The first control a baby will learn will be control of their neck. Intellectual – Straight from birth, babies are already beginning to communicate and Interact with other people especially adults. This can be from crying to clenching their fists around a finger. Also, as the baby Is Intellectually developing, they are being able to express their needs and emotions using gestures. As the baby develops into infancy, they are how to use their emotions properly like crying if they are hurt or not getting what they want, and laughing and smiling when they are happy or find something funny. Emotional – At birth, the only emotion that a baby has is the ability to cry. They don’t understand emotions yet until they further develop. When a baby is born, they need a lot of love and care. This is extremely important, because it ensures that the baby feels safe and secure. This is vital for the baby to grow up feeling comfortable and safe in their home and in their family. By about the age of 1-3 they learn how to smile and laugh which lets them express their emotions when they are happy. They learn different emotions and express them in ways that they understand such as pulling tantrums or laughing at something funny. By the age of 3, an infant should pretty much know all emotions and when they know which emotions are relevant to different situations. Social – From 0-3, the only social development will be speech and sutures with close individuals especially the parents and other family members. This actually builds their self esteem and confidence which is very important because it creates good social skills for their future social interaction with others. Getting to the age of 2-3, the infant becomes more aware of other people like strangers on a bus; they will wave or say hello to other individuals, sometimes even animals. This improves their social skills because by the age of 3, the infant may even have friends. Usually this will be from cousins; to maybe other infants they regularly see such as neighbors or other infants at playgroups. Childhood: P. I. E. S Physical – At this stage, children will enjoy the fact that they can walk and run, and they will learn how to dance, climb, ride bikes (with stabilizers to Just two wheels), how to swing, and possibly swim. This is very exciting for them because they are able to discover different activities and are able to have fun and express individual activities that they may enjoy as a regular hobby; such as football, swimming, riding, racing etc†¦ At this stage, it is important that children are supervised with everything they do because it teaches them how to be safe with what they do for themselves ND others around them. From birth to the age of 3, a child grows quite fast, at the childhood stage, the child’s growth slows down but they can have growth spurts height wise. Intellectual – This stage is the most important stage for the development of the brain and mind. Especially educationally. At this stage, children will become a lot more interested in pretty much everything. They will be prone to asking loads of questions about anything from what they have seen or how they feel. They are most likely to be a lot more interested in their environment, their society and different cultures. You read "P.I.E.S" in category "Papers" They express this by the interest in costumes and they like to do performances. Also at this stage, they will be going through primary solicitation and secondary solicitation so they will be learning many different things every day. They will also pay more attention to where they live. Emotional – In the childhood stage, children are learning to deal with other individuals feelings as well as theirs. They also learn new skills and how to behave well such as learning manners. They learn how to deal with their own emotions especially when they are interacting with others especially other children. Children will start forming bonds with other children who can even become life long friends; they learn how to respect others, and they also learn how to connect with other children similar to them. Social – During childhood, developing long term social relationships whereas others are better at keeping close friends only for a short time. The most important part of solicitation in this stage is that children learn the importance of good relationships and friends. Adolescence: Physical – This is one of the most changing life stages. At this stage, teenagers will become Men and Woman. Their body will be going through many changes; this is called puberty. Boys; for boys, puberty consists of the breaking of their voice (their voice becomes deeper) due to the ‘dropping of their testicles. They begin to grow a lot faster in height, and baby fat begins to disappear or turn into muscle. They begin to grow facial hair and hair in intimate areas and the armpits. This is all due to the production of testosterone. Girls; for girls, puberty consists of the formation of the breasts, menstrual periods; preparing them for motherhood, they begin to grow bodily hair and hair on intimate areas. This is all due to the production of estrogen. Intellectual – At this stage, teenagers are able to imagine different experiences that they may not have seen or done before. Also, they begin to imagine their future and would have a better idea of what they want to achieve in their future. They become more alike adults in terms of dealing with problems. Also in this stage, teenagers will be looking at their first Job even if it is Just a small part time Job, it prepares them for future bigger work opportunities and also gives them experience and responsibility. Emotional – At this stage teenagers are experiencing hormonal changes; meaning hat their emotions can be off balance causing mood swings and aggression in some cases. This could be difficult for family and friends, and can have an affect on the opposite sex such as pressure on relationships and friendships. At this stage feeling masculine is very important towards a guys self esteem and confidence. You wont often see them cry, and they may tend to show off inferno of their fellow friends. This makes them feel more superior and dominant. For a woman, they like to feel wanted and sexy. They will wear clothing that shows more skin and will show off their curves. Like men, this is important to the development of self esteem and self- confidence. Teenagers will have created long term relationships as friends and some maybe a long term girlfriend or boyfriend; their emotions will be much stronger and will become more attached to others around the same age. They become a lot more emotionally attached to people and stronger bonds are formed. During adolescence, teenagers will be most likely to experience love for the first time; some more than once, some actually find their soul mate. Social – Teenagers become a lot more independent so they begin to not rely on their family as much and tend to rely a lot ore on their friends or their peer group for support and advice. This can put pressure on their family and friends. Teenagers desire the need to belong to a group. They will express this through what they wear and their interests/hobbies. A main part of this stage is experiencing their sexuality. This is when they start experiencing sexual contact, and different relationships. At this stage, some teenagers can become confused with their sexuality and may want to experience relationships and sexual experiences with the same sex. Adulthood: P. I. E. S During this stage, adults may progress to the need of glasses for reading and/or rating, due to changes in sight. They may also experience difficulties in their hearing leading to the need of hearing aids. Another change would be change in hair color (grey) and sometimes even loss of hair; mostly occurring in men. This is the stage where growth stops and your body processes begin to slow down and become more relaxed. By the age of 45-55, women are most likely to experience menopause which is when their periods stop and they lose the ability to have children. Intellectual – At this stage, adults are more likely to be in a stable Job. The older adults will have earned a lot from previous experiences which will give them skills and benefit them in future opportunities. The older adults are also a lot more wiser, and will know what is best to do in situations and will know what is best for younger individuals. Emotional – During this life stage, adults go through many emotions mainly to do with relationships and their career. They will feel a lot more stress due to work and also to do with pressure of having a partner or not having one. Also, this is the life stage when families are beginning to be created; couples are deciding to have children, some even have their first grandchildren. Also during this life strange, relationships with family members improve and adults feel closer to their parents than ever before; either because they realize that family are the ones who are actually always there for them and/or because they have a family of their own and understands how it must have felt. Social – The younger adults gain more sexual experience, some of them; it will be their partner who they feel they will have a future with. As years have past, it has become more regular that adults are having children younger and younger. With the older adults, partnership and marriage comes more into light which becomes very important to adults self. It becomes a key aspect of their social life; it is important to have a stable social life at this age because it builds your self esteem and confidence which are key skills for employment. Employment; it is key to be in paid employment at this stage, because at this stage, adults have a lot more responsibility for themselves and need to be reliant on themselves rather than their parents. This is key for building their own future and is important for their social life. Older 65+: P. I. E. S Physical – At this stage, older adults become a lot more weaker and less able or national. Everything they do (what they can do) takes a lot longer to do than what it would an adult. This can be from difficulty breathing, their bodies become weaker such as their bones, muscles, organs etc†¦ Hey become a lot less mobile. At this stage, older adults are more prone to illnesses and can develop conditions such as arthritis. Also, visually, you change, you produce rankles, skin spots and other visual signs of aging. Intellectual – At this stage, mental ability decreases; older adults forget things, are not able to solve problems or cope with them as well and will have m any difficulties. On the other hand, older adults who are more healthy and enjoy their exercise are more able to keep their mental abilities and their knowledge can carry on developing. At this stage, they will be at most wise and this can still increase. At this age, older adults will have had their whole life as experience and will have many memories which adds to their knowledge about anything. An example would be someone who may have experienced an historic event such as a war. Future older adult will be useful. Emotional – The main thing emotionally at this stage is mentally staying strong through the sense of old age and any problems that may or eave occurred. At this age, older adults are likely to lose their confidence and self esteem because of the way they are treated. Individuals of this age who have a family especially if it is a large family, they are more likely to keep their self esteem and confidence because they will receive comfort, support, stability and encouragement; strong bonds with grandchildren are common and give the older adults a sense of being young again, also older adults like to see themselves as role models for their grandchildren. Social – Older adults lives vary. At this stage, older adults are more likely to to be retired. This is a good way to socialize and make friends especially if they are in retirement homes or go to activities or centers based for their age. Having a family is important because a family provides emotional and practical support through anything that happens such as health problems or if they Just need support for something such as work or decisions. Health problems can have a strong effect on an older adults social life and they could end up feeling isolated from society; which is why family and friends are important at this stage. An older adults norms and beliefs will also become more important to them. How to cite P.I.E.S, Papers

Examine the main strengths of the cosmological argument for the existence of God free essay sample

The main question the cosmological argument ponders thought on is ‘Why is there a universe at all?’ The cosmological argument asks the scientific question behind the universe as the design argument asks an emotional one. One of the main strengths of the cosmological argument was brought forward again recently by William Lane Craig. The argument tries to say that the world couldn’t have just occurred, there must be some sufficient reason. Gottfried Leibniz is the most asscoitated with this idea of ‘The principle of sufficient reason’ ,he says that anthing that happens ,including the universe, must have become due to a definite reason. Therefore there must be a course or an explanation. However there comes a point when we no longer need to look for an explanation anymore and therefore that’s when we have a sufficient reason. The cosmological argument says this sufficient reason is God. Back to William Lane Craig, he brought the idea of the ‘Kalam cosmological arguyment back (however it was first developed by the Muslim Philosophy of Religion). We will write a custom essay sample on Examine the main strengths of the cosmological argument for the existence of God or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are 3 main steps to this argument which are 1) Whatever begins to exist is caused to exist by something else 2) The universe began to exist 3) Therefore, the universe has a cause and this cause is God. Step one of the Kalam argument is just common sense. Step two is also common sense as long as not looked into too deeply, which it’s not needed to be, it’s a Brute Fact as Bertrand Russell may say. Lastly the last step may to a first glance seem to jump majorly and offer a completely inaccurate response but it seems like the simplest answer (e.g. Ockham’s razor) therefore it’s the most ration explanation. Some may argue God needs a cause or an explanation then but God is the Cosmological sufficient reason. Coplestons argument is very similar to the one of William Lane Craig although the points seem slightly more detailed to hopefully display the meaning of what the cosmological argument is trying to put across. 1) There are things in this world that are contingent – they might not have existed e.g. we would not exist without our parents. All things in the world are like this – everything depends on something else for its existence 2) Therefore there must be a cause of everything in the universe that exists outside of it then the universe as a whole is contingent. 3) This cause must be a necessary  being – one which contains the reason for its existence inside itself. This necessary being is God Coplestons first point is seems reliable and not too hard to first overcome .His second point brings in the idea of Ockham’s razor, it’s the simplest and probably the most rational explanation. Lastly, again the last point is the sufficient reason. As humans we all want to know why something came to be the way it is and the cosmological argument definitely gives an answer as to why the universe is the way it is. We should just accept the answer we are given, it answers our question so†¦ Many scientists may put forward the idea of the ‘big bang’ but this still can’t be 100% proven and it still doesn’t explain the laws of the universe therefore that point can’t be proven.